It’s mid-March on the Texas prairie outside the city of Cameron. Peter Flemings, a professor at the Jackson School of Geosciences, watches the rig hands lower the prototype sensor into the well. The counter still reads 1,000 feet from bottom when the thick steel cable suddenly goes slack. Moments later, a dull clang echoes across the rig floor.

Shaking his head, Flemings turns to Jackson School graduate student Zach Murphy, who is taking notes nearby. “You can just put train wreck,” Flemings said.

Ominous words, but if Flemings has learned one thing, it’s that engineering development is a slow and brutal process. With each failure, however, the team of scientists and engineers is one step closer to achieving a goal few have even attempted — reliably capturing cores of methane hydrate from beneath the seafloor and returning them to the surface at the high pressure and low temperature necessary to keep the substance stable. It’s all part of a $100 million Department of Energy-funded project led by The University of Texas at Austin to study methane hydrate as a potential energy source.

During this field test, the failures have helped the team pinpoint the source of a perplexing issue with the coring tool during the Jackson School’s 2017 mission that retrieved cores from beneath the Gulf of Mexico.

“We verified the latest round of design changes and revealed a problem we’d struggled with since 2017,” said project co-investigator Steve Phillips, a research associate who recently moved from the Jackson School to the U.S. Geological Survey. “With the problem isolated, we can now engineer a solution.”

The test showed that the tool was getting stuck like a jammed drawer, which prevented it from sliding freely. Working with engineering firm Geotek at another facility in Salt Lake City, the team has since designed and engineered a solution that has resolved the problem. That’s good news and bodes well for the team as they’re preparing to return to the Gulf of Mexico for a much larger coring mission in 2022.

The mission’s goal is to drill more than half a mile into the seafloor and bring back sealed cores rich in methane hydrates — an energy-dense material that forms readily along continental coastlines and beneath permafrost but is unstable on the Earth’s surface. To prepare, Flemings and a team of Jackson School researchers oversaw the technology test at a Schlumbergeroperated rig near Cameron.

The team also included UT graduate students, technical staffers and postdoctoral researchers who learned firsthand how the technology works — experience that will be invaluable when they join the deepwater expedition in 2022.

Flemings, who led the 2017 mission, knows that pressure coring is complicated, and his team will need all the help they can get.

“Recovering pressurized cores means a thousand things have to move in concert in a 4.5-inch diameter muddy hole, at enormous pressure,” he said. “Every part of this mouse trap is a potential mode of failure.”

At the heart of the “mouse trap” is the Pressure Coring Tool with Ball, a sophisticated combination of devices designed to cut and seal sediment cores under pressure.

Although the tool saw moderate success in 2017, the new tests revealed that during coring, tiny rock chips could clog up the mechanism that seals the core. Despite rigorous lab tests, the problem emerged only when the tool was actually cutting into rock.

Finding and squashing bugs in the system is exactly why the $1.5 million land tests are so important.

“If we solve this final problem, one of our greatest contributions to the community will be to have helped develop a tool that’s rugged, efficient and fit for the field,” Flemings said.

With the land test now behind them, the team has turned to experiments underway at the Jackson School’s Pressure Core Center, the only university-based facility equipped to safely store and study pressurized methane hydrate cores. Projects include a student-led experiment that will, for the first time, replicate production conditions in the lab, and an experiment simulating injecting carbon dioxide mixtures directly into hydrate reservoirs. Both experiments could play a vital role in turning methane hydrate into a future fuel while also storing greenhouse gases underground.

The group’s scientific findings from the first expedition were published in September 2020 in a special bulletin from the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. A second special bulletin is planned for the future.

With two years to go until the next marine expedition, the group still has work to do. At the top of the todo list is the drilling permit, which will require coordination and effort at all levels of UT’s administration, including the president’s office. The team also needs to secure a drilling vessel and hire the personnel required to run a two-month deepwater drilling operation. Fortunately, one of the biggest hurdles, the expedition’s science plan, is now complete.

Unlike the 2017 expedition, which brought back 20 pressurized cores from a single hydrate deposit in the northern Gulf of Mexico, the plan for the second expedition calls for at least 50 cores from two reservoir types, totaling 500 feet of carefully sealed methane hydrate cores. Studying different types of reservoirs will give a much clearer picture of how the deposits form and how they could be put to use.

The researchers are also planning on learning more about the methaneproducing microbes that feed the reservoirs by taking hundreds of feet of conventional samples, and by deploying a newly developed instrument that measures temperature and pressure within the sandy reservoirs where methane hydrates accumulate, something never done before.

The data will answer fundamental questions about the source of the methane and how it moves through the Earth’s subsurface, squeezing through tiny gaps and fractures in the rock to form hydrate reservoirs. Phillips said that with the science plan set, the team feels well prepared to tackle the final phase before the expedition. He added that being in the front seat of pioneering potentially world-changing science is a really great place to be.

“The things we’ll be doing I’ve wanted to do for years,” he said. “Honestly, I can’t wait to get out there.”