References

Methodology References 

Belousov, I., Danyushevsky, L., Goemann, K., Gilbert, S., Olin, P., Thompson, J., Lounejeva, E., and Garbe-Schonberg, D., 2023, STDGL3, a reference material for analysis of sulfide minerals by laser ablation ICP-MS: An assessment of matrix effects and the impact of laser wavelengths and pulse widths. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, v. 47.3, p.493-508.

Eggins, S., Kinsley, L., and Shelley, J., 1998, Deposition and element fractionation processes during atmospheric pressure laser sampling for analysis by ICP-MS. Applied Surface Science, v. 127-129, p. 278-286. 

Gilbert, S., Danyushevsky, L., Robinson, P., Wohlgemuth‐Ueberwasser, C., Pearson, N., Savard, D., Norman, M. and Hanley, J., 2013, A comparative study of five reference materials and the Lombard meteorite for the determination of the platinum‐group elements and gold by LA‐ICP‐MS. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, v. 37, p. 51-64. 

Gray, A., 1985, Solid sample introduction by laser ablation for inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometry. Analyst, v. 110, p. 551-556.

Guillong, M., Hametner, K., Reusser, E., Wilson, S., and Günther, D., 2005, Preliminary characterization of new glass reference materials (GSA-1G, GSC-1G, GSD-1G and GSE-1G) by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry using 193 nm, 213 nm and 266 nm wavelengths. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, v. 29.3, p.315-331.

Hattendorf, B., Hartfelder, U., and Günther, D., 2019, Skip the beat: minimizing aliasing error in LA-ICP-MS measurements. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, v. 411, p. 591-602. 

Jochum, K. P., Weis, U., Stoll, B., Kuzmin, D., Yang, Q., Raczek, I., Jacob, D., Stracke, A., Birbaum, K., Frick, D., Günther, D., and Ezweiler, J., 2011, Determination of reference values for NIST SRM 610-617 glasses following ISO guidelines. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, v. 35.4, p. 397-429.

Jochum, K. P., Willbold, M., Raczek, I., Stoll, B., and Herwig, K., 2005, Chemical characterization of the USGS reference glasses GSA-1G, GSC-1G, GSD-1G, GSE-1G, BCR-2G, BHVO-2G and BIR-1G using EPMA, ID-TIMS, ID-ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, v. 29.3, p. 285-302.

Liu, Y., Hu, Z., Li, M., and Gao, S., 2013, Applications of LA-ICP-MS in the elemental analyses of geological samples. Chinese Science Bulletin, v. 58, p. 3863-3878. 

Longerich, H., Jackson, S., and Günther, D., 1996, Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass specrometric transient signal data aquisition and analyte concentration calculation. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, v. 11, p. 899-904. 

Mansur, E.T., Dare, S.A., Slagstad, T. and Sandstad, J.S., 2025, Distribution of chalcophile elements during crystallisation and alteration of magmatic Ni-Cu-Co sulfide deposits in the anorthositic Espedalen Complex, Norway: pentlandite as an indicator for tracking metal tenors. Mineralium Deposita, v. 60, p. 453-477. 

Norman, M.D., Pearson, N.J., Sharma, A. and Griffin, W.L., 1996, Quantitative analysis of trace elements in geological materials by laser ablation ICPMS: instrumental operating conditions and calibration values of NIST glasses. Geostandards Newsletter, v. 20, p. 247-261. 

Paton, C., Hellstrom, J., Paul, B., Woodhead, J. and Hergt, J., 2011, Iolite: Freeware for the visualisation and processing of mass spectrometric data. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, v. 26, p. 2508-2518. 

Paul, B., Petrus, J., Savard, D., Woodhead, J., Hergt, J., Greig, A., Paton, C. and Rayner, P., 2023, Time resolved trace element calibration strategies for LA-ICP-MS. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, v. 38, p. 1995-2006. 

Savard, D., Bouchard-Boivin, B., Barnes, S. J., and Garbe-Schonberg, D., 2018, UQAC-FeS: A new series of base metal sulfide quality control reference material for LA-ICP-MS analysis. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on the Analysis of Geological and Environmental Materials, Sydney, Australia, p. 8-13.

Stead, C., Tomlinson, E., Kamber, B., Babechuk, M., and McKenna, C., 2016, Rare earth element determination in olivine by laser-ablation-quadrupole-ICP-MS: An analytical strategy and applications. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, v. 41, p. 197-212. 

Woodhead, J., Hellstrom, J., Hergt, J., Greig, A., and Maas, R., 2007, Isotopic and elemental imaging of geological materials by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Gestandards and Geoanalytic Research, v. 31, p. 331-343. 

Zhang, S., He, M., Yin, Z., Zhu, E., Hang, W. and Huang, B., 2016, Elemental fractionation and matrix effects in laser sampling based spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, v. 31, p. 358-382. 

Supporting References 

Barnes, S. J., Cox, R. A., and Zientek, M. L., 2006, Platinum-group element, Gold, Silver and Base Metal distribution in compositionally zoned sulfide droplets from the Medvezky Creek Mine, Noril’sk, Russia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 152.2, p. 187–200. 

Barnes, S. J., Naldrett, A. J., and Gorton, M. P., 1985 The origin of the fractionation of platinum-group elements in terrestrial magmas. Chemical geology, v. 53.3-4, p. 303-323.

Barnes, S.J., Savard, D., Bédard, L.P. and Maier, W.D., 2009, Selenium and sulfur concentrations in the Bushveld Complex of South Africa and implications for formation of the platinum-group element deposits. Mineralium Deposita, v. 44, p. 647-663.

Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Ezad, I. S., Giuliani, A., L. Fiorentini, M., and Foley, S. F., 2025, The mineralogical distribution of Ni in mantle rocks controls the fertility of magmatic Ni-sulfide systems. Mineralium Deposita, 1-13.

Fiorentini, M. L., and Beresford, S. W., 2008, Role of volatiles and metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle in the genesis of magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE mineralization: Insights from in situ H, Li, B analyses of hydromagmatic phases from the Valmaggia ultramafic pipe, Ivrea-Verbano Zone (NW Italy). Terra Nova, v. 20.5, p. 333–340. 

Fiorentini, M., Beresford, S., Barley, M., Duuring, P., Bekker, A., Rosengren, N., Cas, R., and Hronsky, J., 2012, District to Camp Controls on the Genesis of Komatiite-Hosted Nickel Sulfide Deposits, Agnew-Wiluna Greenstone Belt, Western Australia: Insights from the Multiple Sulfur Isotopes. Economic Geology, v. 107.5, p. 781–796. 

Fiorentini, M. L., Grieco, G., Ferrario, A., and Tunesi, A., 2002, Petrological and metallogenic outlines of the Valmaggia ultramafic pipe (Ivrea zone), NW Alps, Italy. Periodico Di Mineralogia, v. 71, p. 219–239. 

Fiorentini, M. L., LaFlamme, C., Denyszyn, S., Mole, D., Maas, R., Locmelis, M., Caruso, S., and Bui, T. H., 2018, Post-collisional alkaline magmatism as gateway for metal and sulfur enrichment of the continental lower crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 223, p. 175–197.

Garuti, G., Bea, F., Zaccarini, F. and Montero, P., 2001, Age, geochemistry and petrogenesis of the ultramafic pipes in the Ivrea Zone, NW Italy. Journal of Petrology, v. 42, p. 433-457. 

Mansur, E.T., Barnes, S.J., Duran, C.J. and Sluzhenikin, S.F., 2020, Distribution of chalcophile and platinum-group elements among pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite and cubanite from the Noril’sk-Talnakh ores: Implications for the formation of platinum-group minerals. Mineralium Deposita, v. 55, p.1215-1232.

Locmelis, M., Fiorentini, M.L., Rushmer, T., Arevalo Jr, R., Adam, J. and Denyszyn, S.W., 2016, Sulfur and metal fertilization of the lower continental crust. Lithos, v. 244, p. 74-93.

Locmelis, M., Moroni, M., Denyszyn, S. W., Webb, L. E., Fiorentini, M. L., Sessa, G., Caruso, S., Mathur, R., and Nanzad, B., 2021, On the formation of magmatic sulphide systems in the lower crust by long-lived mass transfer through the lithosphere: Insights from the Valmaggia pipe, Ivrea Verbano Zone, Italy. Terra Nova, v. 33.2, p.137–149. 

Lorand, J.P. and Alard, O., 2001, Platinum-group element abundances in the upper mantle: new constraints from in situ and whole-rock analyses of Massif Central xenoliths (France). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 65, p. 2789-2806. 

Rudnick, R. L., and Gao, S., 2003, Composition of the continental crust. In R. L. Rudnick (Ed.), Treatise on geochemistry, v. 3, p. 1-64. 

Zientek, M.L., Loferski, P.J., Parks, H.L., Schulte, R.F. and Seal II, R.R., 2017, Platinum-group elements (No. 1802-N). US Geological Survey.